Allergic reactions to iodinated CT contrast increase likelihood of sensitivity to GBCAs
Patients who have a history of allergic-like reactions to iodinated contrast media used for various CT procedures are also at an increased risk of adverse reactions to MRI contrast agents.
Until recently, the hypersensitivity reactions (HSRs) to the two different imaging agents had never been associated, but new research published this week in Radiology is challenging that theory.
Various CT procedures take advantage of the increased visualization that iodinated contrast media offers, and reactions to its administration are rare and typically very mild. Likewise, MRI studies utilize gadolinium-based contrast agents (GBCAs) to produce more detailed depictions on imaging. While GBCAs are also considered relatively safe, as they are becoming more widely used, more instances of adverse reactions are emerging.
“Recent studies have reported several adverse reactions related to their use, including nephrogenic systemic fibrosis and allergic-like hypersensitivity reactions,” senior author Hye-Ryun Kang, MD, PhD, from the department of internal medicine at Seoul National University College of Medicine in Seoul, Korea, and co-authors explained. “As the use of GBCAs continues to increase in the clinical setting, it is important to be aware of the adverse reactions associated with their use and to be able to identify potential risk factors for such reactions.”
As a result of their research, which analyzed 331,070 cases of GBCA exposure in 154,539 patients, experts were able to pinpoint specific risk factors for reactions to the contrast agent.
In general, acute HSRs (reactions within an hour of exposure) were rare, occurring in only .4% of cases. Delayed reactions (happening typically within one week of exposure) were even more rare and were noted in only .04% of cases.
Patients who had a history of HSRs to iodinated contrast were at an increased risk of recurrence when exposed to GBCA, as were individuals with repeated use of the MRI contrast. When those patients were either pre-medicated with antihistamines or were switched to a different GBCA, their risk of recurrence dropped significantly.
The increased recurrence rate for patients with a history of HSRs could be the result of their individual underlying susceptibility to drug allergies, which is why thorough documentation of patients’ histories is so important, experts noted.
“In all patients undergoing MRI with GBCA exposure, a detailed history of previous HSRs should be conducted, and when necessary, appropriate prevention measures such as using premedication and switching to a different type of GBCA should be implemented,” the authors concluded.
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In addition to her background in journalism, Hannah also has patient-facing experience in clinical settings, having spent more than 12 years working as a registered rad tech. She joined Innovate Healthcare in 2021 and has since put her unique expertise to use in her editorial role with Health Imaging.